Background: To determine the prevalence of outpatient and hospitalization for Cataract surgery in Iran. Methods: A random cluster sampling was done in a cross-sectional study on Cataract surgeries performed in treatment centers of ophthalmology in Iran between 2000 and 2005. One week of each season was selected randomly and all Cataract surgery files of the center were studied. This study reported the prevalence of outpatient surgery and length of hospital stay in all surgeries in Iran between 2000 and 2005. Results: Among 13, 409 studied files on Cataract surgery, mean hospitalization time was 0. 79± 0. 82 days, 31. 42% of surgeries were done on an outpatient basis, and 62. 32% were hospitalized for one night. About 4. 45% and 1. 81% were hospitalized for two nights and more, respectively. Hospitalization time after surgery showed no significant difference with sex. Also, There was no significant difference between mean age of inpatients and outpatients (P=0. 08). The most common method used for surgeries was Phaco (52. 33%) and the least was lensectomy (11. 38%). Conclusions: A major proportion of Cataract surgeries required hospitalization. Due to the costs of hospitalization in this surgery, the phaco method can play an important role in reducing the costs of treatment.

Several aspects of Cataract surgery in children differ from adults. Ocular anatomy, Cataract morphology, exaggerated response to surgical trauma, and the need for amblyopia therapy are major concerns in pediatric Cataract surgery. Moreover, intraoperative differences such as location and type of incisions, management of anterior and posterior capsules and need for anterior vitrectomy are other important issues to be considered. Achieving a successful result depends on adhering to all the pre-, intra- and postoperative considerations and their proper management.

Cataract surgery with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation is the most common ophthalmic surgical procedure worldwide.It is also the most common operation for correction of refractive errors, performed over five times more frequently than corneal refractive procedures. In developed countries, phacoemulsification is the predominant form of Cataract surgery, accounting for more than 90% of all operations. Although a number of developments have occurred in IOL technology, the basic phacoemulsification procedure has remained largely unchanged over the past 20 years and involves a series of steps including creation of a corneal incision, capsulorrhexis and phacofragmentation.

Management for pediatric Cataracts should be individualized and requires experienced team work. Most cases of congenital Cataracts are familial or idiopathic; only rarely are they asso-ciated with metabolic disorders or ocular ab-normalities. The time and method of treatment are of crucial importance for visual rehabilita-tion. Cataract surgery is indicated when the opacity significantly obscures the visual axis. The pediatric eye is not simply a miniaturized adult eye, surgery should be performed by an experienced surgeon and the postoperative course needs to be monitored carefully. Post-operatively, proliferation of lens epithelial cells (LECs) increases the incidence of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) and the elastic iris predisposes to iridocorneal adhesions (ICA), iris capture, pupil irregularity and intraocular lens (IOL) decenteration.

Purpose: To evaluate the changes in tear film osmolarity and Schirmer I test after Cataract surgery. Methods: This single-center, prospective study included patients with no subjective complaints about dry eye disease. Patients with the following conditions were excluded: contact lens wearers, patients with diabetes, pseudoexfoliation, pterygia, and eye drops users. The eye that had not undergone surgery was considered the control group. Tear osmolarity and Schirmer I test were evaluated before surgery and during the first postoperative month. Results: Thirty-seven patients were enrolled in the study. Before surgery, tear osmolarity was 301. 2 ± 15. 09 Osm/L in the study group and 302. 3 ± 14. 21 mOsm/L in the control group (P ¼ 0. 2), while Schirmer I test averaged 13. 4 ± 10. 50 mm in the study group and 13. 7 ± 10. 79 mm in the control group (P ¼ 0. 6). The next morning, the tear osmolarity decreased to <275 mOsm/L in the study group while in the control group, the value increased to 303. 1 mOsm/L ± 13. 68 (P ¼ 0. 008). The Schirmer I test in the same morning showed an increase up to 19. 9 ± 9. 73 mm in the study group and to 15. 7 ± 10. 19 mm in the control group (P ¼ 0. 01). One week later, the tear osmolarity increased to 311. 8 ± 14. 85 mOsm/ L, while the control group averaged 301. 7 ± 11. 84 mOsm/L (P ¼ 0. 013). The Schirmer I test results decreased to 15. 8 ± 9. 37 mm in the study group and 13. 9 ± 10. 19 mm in the control group (P ¼ 0. 07) one week after the surgery. One month after surgery, tear osmolarity and Schirmer I test results in the study group decreased to the control group level (P > 0. 05). Conclusions: The tear osmolarity results increased to the dry eye disease level in the first postoperative week. Over the course of one month, the difference in tear osmolarity and Schirmer I test values for the study and control groups leveled off.

Introduction: Curvularia is an emerging dematiaceous/ melanized/ phaeoid hyphomycete causing ocular curvulariosis including keratomycosis, conjunctivitis, dacryocystitis, sino-orbital cellulitis, and endophthalmitis. Curvularia ketatomycosis may be associated with satellite stromal infiltrates, immune rings, Descement’s folds, iriditis, and endothelial plaque. Surgical trauma followed by delayed tissue healing may render cornea susceptible to invasion by exogenous air-dispersed conidia from environment.Cases Presentation: Curvularia lunata keratomycosis occurred in 2 military veterans after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation without any history of trauma. Topical 5% natamycin was effective for treatment resulting in minimal residual scar. Complete recovery and uneventful 1-year follow-up period was observed.Conclusions: Seven out of 30 Curvularia species are emerging as opportunistic human pathogens from being primary phytopathogens. With increasing ocular surgeries in the diabetic populace amongst general population including military veterans, a high index of clinical and microbiological suspicion is required for optimal diagnosis of emerging pathogens in post-operative keratomycosis.

Purpose: To recommend an ideal incision for Cataract surgery.Method: After searching the MedLine by using the keywords "incision, Cataract surgery" the author reviewed 311 relevant articles which were published from 1966 to 2000. Among those articles the author selected some articles about postoperative astigmatism, hyphema or infection, and compared the results of them with his own experiences.Results and conclusion: An ideal Cataract incision should have proper relative strength to prevent leakage from the wound with least hyphema, least induced astigmatism, and least wound infection after the operation and should decrease unnecessary manipulation during and after the surgery. This evaluation showed that a 3-step tunnel incision with an internal corneal lip has no leakage at the intraocular pressure more than 400mmHg. Analyzing the structural components of the incision showed that changing the shape of the external incision from the limbus-parallel to a linear incision or to a curved incision away from the limbus, results in a more stable incision with less induced astigmatism. Corneal stability is directly related to the internal entry of the incision. This stability improves as the closure sutures change from radial to horizontal, especially when they are closer to the internal entry. The rate of the postoperative hyphema also decreases when the horizontal closure is nearer to the internal entry of the incision. This 3-step incision is a self-sealing incision and there is no need for postoperative manipulation.

Background and Purpose: Glaucoma after congenital Cataract surgery is one of the challenging problems in pediatric ophthalmology. The incidence of glaucoma after congenital Cataract surgery has been reported from 5% to 41%. The aim of this study was epidemiological evaluation of glaucoma after congenital Cataract surgery at Imam Hossein hospital from 1990 to 2000. Methods and Materials: This study was performed as an existing data in the first part and as non-comparative case series in the second. Records of all patients that had undergone congenital Cataract surgery at Imam Hossein hospital between 1990-2000 were reviewed and patients were invited for complete eye reexamination. Glaucoma was considered if IOP was more than 21 mmHg with or without increased optic nerve cupping. Follow up was at least 2 years for every patient. Results: 151 eyes of 92 patients were evaluated. Mean age was 11.46±5.32 years. 53.3% were female and 46.7% were male. Mean age at the time of surgery was 4.68±3.24 years. The most common type of Cataract was complete (31.1%). Mean follow up duration was 52.2±23 months. 25 of 151 eyes were glaucomatous (16.55%). Mean time between Cataract surgery and glaucoma detection was 45.04±13 months. The most common type of surgery was anterior lensectomy + anterior vitrectomy + primary posterior capsulotomy. Posterior capsule opacity was seen in 30.5% of cases. Conclusion: Glaucoma after congenital Cataract surgery is one of the most serious and resistant complications in pediatric patients. Children do not cooperate for eye examination and intraocular pressure measurement, so glaucoma diagnosis can be easily missed. Long term follows up and repeated eye examinations especially in patients with microcornea are recommended for detection of glaucoma as soon as possible. Knowledge of physicians and parents about possibility of glaucoma after congenital Cataract surgery can help early diagnosis and treatment, in order to prevent irreversible visual impairment.  

Background: Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited retinal dystrophy characterized by progressive vision loss due to photoreceptor degeneration. Complicated Cataract formation, particularly posterior subcapsular Cataract (PSC), frequently occurs in RP and exacerbates the visual impairment. Cataract surgery may improve vision,however, the distinctive challenges of RP require specific considerations. This mini-review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the RP-related Cataract. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted via PubMed/MEDLINE, spanning the period from January 1976 to June 2024, using the keywords “Cataract, ” “Cataract surgery, ” “cystoid macular edema, ” “hereditary retinal dystrophy, ” “retinitis pigmentosa, ” “posterior subcapsular Cataract, ” “posterior capsular opacification, ” “zonular weakness, ” and “artificial intelligence. ” We aimed to evaluate Cataract surgery in patients with RP, focusing on Cataract formation, its surgical management, postoperative complications, patient follow-up, and visual outcomes. Relevant review articles, clinical trials, and case reports with related reference lists of these articles were included. Results: A total of 53 articles were examined in detail, including those identified through focused keyword searches and the reference lists of these articles. Cataract surgery in patients with RP generally results in substantial visual improvement. However, surgery can be complicated, particularly by zonular weakness and subluxation of the crystalline lens. These risks can be reduced by using capsular tension rings and employing meticulous surgical technique. Furthermore, postoperative complications, such as cystoid macular edema and posterior capsular opacification, are common. Despite these challenges, regular postoperative follow-up and appropriate management can help mitigate complications. Integrity of the ellipsoid zone and external limiting membrane on preoperative optical coherence tomographic examination are the main predictors of visual outcomes following Cataract surgery,however, outcomes can vary. Though many patients experience significant visual improvement, some may experience limited benefits due to pre-existing advanced retinal degeneration. Conclusions: Cataract surgery may offer meaningful visual benefits in patients with RP,however, careful preoperative evaluation and meticulous surgical technique are required to address the possible challenges. Attentive postoperative care and follow-up are essential to optimize visual outcomes. Early surgical intervention can significantly improve the quality of life in selected candidates, and tailored approaches are necessary in patients with RP requiring Cataract surgery. Further studies on the potential application of artificial intelligence to monitor postoperative recovery and detect complications may improve surgical outcomes and enhance patient care.